each of the studies, how did Golub, Gilbert and Wilson (2009) operationally define the positive expectations How did they operationally define affect?…

For each of the studies, how did Golub, Gilbert and Wilson (2009) operationally define the positive expectations How did they operationally define affect?
In experiments 1A and 1B, what were the independent variable(s)? What were the dependent variable(s)?
This article includes three different studies. In this case what are the advantages to answering the research question using multiple methods?
On what basis did the authors conclude, “our studies suggest that the affective benefits of negative expectations may be more elusive than their costs” (p. 280)
Evaluate the external validity of the two experiments and one filed study thatGolub, Gilbert and Wilson (2009) conducted.
How good was the internal validity?
Golub, S.A., Gilbert, D.T. & Wilson, T. D. (2009) Anticipating one’s troubles: The costs and benefits of negative expectations. Emotion, 9, 227-281.doi: 10.1037/a0014716